The risk of hedging in the banking world - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3366 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Hedging is a risk management tool to offsetting the risk inherent of price in any cash market position by taking an equal but opposite position in the futures market. Hedging activities protect futures contract holder from fluctuations in the underlying assets price. Investors are benefit if the price of underlying asset moves in the same direction as what investors expected (Hedge Fund, 2009). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The risk of hedging in the banking world" essay for you Create order Short hedge is a short selling by borrowing underlying asset such as commodity, security or financial instruments from a broker and selling it by using the future contract. It then later bought back at lower price and returned to the broker. Short hedge is used by investors as a technique to capture the profit or protect losses from the falling price of the underlying asset. If the price is moves as investors expectation of going down, the investors are then buy at lower price and sell at the higher pre-determined agreed price. Thus, the investors gain from the differences of buying at lower price and selling at higher price. Furthermore, short selling can increase the liquidity in the market as investors can sell short the underlying asset without holding any stock (Short Hedge, 2010). For example, the price of corn is $3.50 per bushel at today. A producer of corn expects that the price of the corn will be dropping in six months later. Thus, the producer short sells the corn b y using future contract and lock in the price at $3.50 per bushel. Six months later, the price drops to $3.00 per bushel. The producer then buy the corn at $3.00 per bushel in cash market and sell the corn at $3.50 per bushel which is pre-determined agreed price in the future contract. Thus, the producer gained $0.50 per bushel by using the short hedging. Furthermore, producer is also protected from the losses of reducing in the price of corn by just locked in the selling price when enter into a contract. However, producer is making losses if the expectation of producer goes wrong. In the event of corns price rises to $4.00 per bushel six months later, the producer have to buy at $4.00 per bushel in the cash market and sell it out at pre-determined agreed price of $3.50 per bushel. From here, we know that the producer is making losses. A long hedge involves buying futures contracts with the intention of receive delivery of the underlying assets by locking the price of the asset. Investors will only enter into a long hedge contract when there is expectation of increase in prices of the underlying asset in the future. Long hedge is also enables investors to hedge and protect against the volatility and uncertainty of future price. A long hedge is beneficial for the investors who worry about the increasing of the underlying assets price in the future. Thus, long hedge allows investors to lock in the purchase price. In the event of the underlying assets price going up later, the investors are protected from the increasing in price by just paying the asset at the lower pre-determined agreed price (Long Hedge,2010). For instance, the seller of corn enters into the contract when he wants to purchase a certain amount of corn from the producer but is worrying about the rises in the price of corn in future. Let says corn price is $3.50 per bushel today and the seller locked in the price at $3.50 per bushel. If the price rises to $4.00 per bushel in six months later , the seller is protected from the rising of the corns price because the price is locked at $3.50. The seller is gained $0.50 per bushel from the long hedge. Same situation applies to long hedge when the price moves unfavorable for the seller. When price drops to $3.00 per bushel, the seller is facing losses. This is because the seller has to pay $3.50 per bushel instead of the actual market price is $3.00 per bushel after the six months period. b) The cost of jet fuel is an important issue for airline companies because it affects the profitability of the firms. This paper explores the hedging fuel costs strategies, implication of accounting rules for driving hedging strategies in United States. Besides, authors also conducted an industry survey to examine current hedging strategies and its benefits in United States business aviation. Cobbs and Wolf (2004) pointed out that there are three type of contracts utilized for fuel hedging purposes: over-the-counter instruments, exchange-traded-futures, and notÂÂ  hedging. Over-the-counter contracts entered by airlines are swaps, options and combinations of options such as collars structures. Despite of illiquid market and insufficient quantities available to hedge jet fuel consumption, many airlines still prefer over-the-counter instruments because of its customisation feature. Southwest successfully used this hedging strategy to implement its dynamic hedging program. It all ow the airlines to lock in prices at a lower point in the oil price cycle assuming that oil price cycle is a mean-reverting process. For examples, fixed swaps are used at the low point of oil price cycle because of the likelihood of price appreciation than price declines. Then, the airline can use swap contract to lock in at a lower price. Giving up potential savings from price decrease whilst hedging against further increases, airlines use collar to lock in a specified range of prices in the mid-range of the price cycle. Peak prices are more likely to require caps in the form of straight calls to allow company benefit from price depreciation and prevent losses from further appreciation. A substantial amount of monitoring is required for this strategy. United States do not have exchange-traded derivatives on jet fuel, therefore a similar hedge are set up such as between the price of heating oil and crude oil which highly correlated with jet fuel. These commodity future contrac ts result basis risk because of imperfectly correlation (contracts are based on an underlying asset other than jet fuel). Some airline companies employ another strategy- not hedging. There are two conditions should be met for this strategy to work: Firstly, other competitors also do not hedge jet fuel cost. In fact, this condition hardly is met, because hedging airlines have a competitive position (stable cash flow and better cash flow planning) over non-hedging airlines though aviation is not an actively hedging industry. Secondly, increase air fare and pass the change in fuel prices to passengers. It is more difficult for airlines to transfer additional fuel cost in highly competition nature of industry because being competitive on price was the key to any airlines survival and success. As such, aviation businesses in United States use various hedging strategies ranging from not hedging to fully hedging using a combination of instruments. Parties involved in hedging need som e accounting standards knowledge since it has great implication in adopting hedging instruments and enable the firms to receive preferable accounting treatment. Industry survey reveals that fuel costs is the second-largest expense for airlines which account for 16% of the carriers operating costs. To reduce the volatility of operating expenses and maintain bottom line profitability, airlines choose to hedge fuel prices. Study showed that Southwest and JetBlue are the industry leaders. Cobbs and Wolf (2004) indicated that there is a positive relationship between fuel hedging and the value of the firm by illustrating price/revenue ratio and hedging ratio of airlines. This study also suggests that airlines that are hedged have a competitive advantage over the non-hedging airlines. This paper concluded that a sophisticated hedging program can create a comparative advantage, overweight the costs and enhance firm value. c) Industry survey was conducted based on 13 United Stated domestic airlines. Survey shows that hedging jet fuel costs brings benefits to airlines. This result is supported by theory that hedging increases firm value. Cobbs and Wolf (2004) indicate that fuel costs is the second-largest expenses for airlines which account for about 16% of the carriers operating expenses after personnel expenses in year 2003. At least 80% of fuel costs were bear by each of the airlines in this industry survey. Aviation businesses average airfare pricing (available seat mile) decrease by 0.1%; airlines faced a compounded annual rise of 25.9% in fuel costs from 2001 to 2003. Few airlines have tried to transfer the rises in fuel costs to passengers by charging surcharges or increase in airfares during the period February to May 2004. However, it was an unsuccessful attempt because rival companies choose to not pass additional costs to their customers. Same case for United who also doubt on the decisi on of increase the pricing as Continental gives up the price increasing after a week due to the reason of other carriers are not responded to do so. This paper repeats the Carter et al. (2002) results: fuel hedging airlines trade at a premium. Cobbs and Wolf (2004) also suggest a positive correlation coefficient between fuel hedging and the firms value by illustrating price/revenue ratio and hedging ratio of airlines. Southwest is the largest fuel hedger who is hedged 82% of the fuel price and the price to revenue ratio is above 1.00. The second and third largest hedger is JetBlue and Airtran Holdings who are also having price to revenue ratio more than 1.00. Both United and Continental are remaining unhedged for the fuel price. Thus, their price to revenue ratio is relatively low. United is only achieving 0.01 while Continental is below 0.10. For EPS estimation in 2004, Southwest and JetBlue have positive value because both are the largest hedgers. Based on the findings from ind ustry survey, hedging is creating value which is like higher price to revenue ratio, lower price, positive EPS. Non-hedging airlines fuel cost were at or above the average spot fuel price. Southwest, JetBlue and Delta were the largest fuel hedgers in United Stated domestic airlines in 2003. Their actual fuel cost were in-line or below the average spot price of New York Harbor and U.S Gulf Coast. According to Southwests CEO statement, Southwest would face $8million loss due to rising in fuel prices if they not hedged their position. Southwest uses a combination of call options, collars, and fixed price swap agreements to hedge its jet fuel exposure. Whereas, JetBlue hedge its fuel consumption through swap agreement and crude oil option contracts and outsources its fuel management services. Dynamic hedging strategies enable Southwest and JetBlue- the industry hedging leader to save on fuel expenses and create competitive advantages compared to other carriers. Although hedging in creases firm value, there are still involves significant amount of hedging costs. For example JetBlue and Southwest limit their hedging operations in the past three years due to the reason of insufficient cash flow to finance the futures margin deposits and option premiums. Delta forced to close the positions of the fuel price hedging as to generate cash are needed for operations. In addition, many airlines (American, Continental Northwest and United) have to deal with liquidity issues which limit their ability to fully hedge their jet fuel consumption and protect themselves from oil price fluctuations. d) Jet fuel prices have been substantially volatile throughout the last decade. It drive airlines to hedge their fuel consumption to protect themselves from fuel price rising. For instance, the impact of fuel price changes drove United Airlines entered into options contracts to protect against increases in jet fuel prices (Carter et al., 2002). Jet fuel hedging is valuable for airline companies according to previous literature studies: US airlines which engage in fuel hedging activities increase in firms values (Carter et al.,2002; Cobbs and Wolf, 2004; Lin and Chang, 2008); Kvello and Stenvik (2009) study on European airlines hedging also has consistent results with US airlines. In the study of Carter et al. (2002), regression analysis is using to test whether there are hedging premium for the airlines that are using derivatives to hedge exposure of jet fuel price. The result showed 12%-16% statistically significant that hedging is creating vale for a firm. Fuel cost is one of the largest costs for airlines. It is more volatile than other courier expenses (Cobbs and Wolf, 2004). Hedging is considered as one of the ways to protect the airlines from the unfavorable price movements. For examples, in 2003, Korean Airlines entered into forward fuel contract which reduce their average fuel price paid by 34% and reported a gain of Won 282 million. Through dynamic hedging activities, Qantas offset 73% of their 2003/04 increased fuel price paid (Morrell and Swan, 2006). Thus, hedging activities is a tool to stabilize overall costs and reduce the volatility of profitability. Then, firms future expenses and earnings are able to predict, resulting in a more stable airlines financial markets. Investors are more confident to the stock price of airlines after hedging as earnings of airlines are more volatile if there is no any hedging activity. Carriers may face threat of bankruptcy if fuel prices keep increasing. For examples, Legend Airlines and National Airline s seek for insolvency protection because of rising fuel cost in 2000 (Cobbs and Wolf, 2004). Hedging aids in reducing the cash flows or accounting profits volatility, minimize risks, diminishing the probability of bankruptcy (Kvello and Stenvik, 2009). In 2003-2005, rise in fuel prices drove several airlines into bankruptcy. However, SouthwestÂÂ  was able to weather the changes in fuel prices by using extensiveÂÂ  fuelÂÂ  hedgingÂÂ  program (Ingrassia and Fleischer, 2006). Trempskis (2009) study note that Southwest and JetBlue Airlines- the industry leaders in fuel hedging strategy never has filed for bankruptcy, thus investors perceived them as more stable firm. Hence, fuel hedging would increase investors confidence and valuation of firms. During economic downturn period or fuel prices are very high, financially troubled airlines would sale its assets (e.g. aircrafts) below market prices (Carter et al.,2002). In this context, hedging airlines are allowed to take advantages buy these assets or acquire that carrier at prices below fair value (Pulvino, 1998; Cobbs and Wolf, 2004; Kvello and Stenvik, 2009). Kim and Singal (1993) implies that typically higher fare environments are created upon completion of the acquisition. By fuel hedging, airlines reduce cash flow volatility, improve its cash position thus enhance its flexibility in investment policies during economic downturns. Froot et al., (1993) analyze that hedged-airlines have sufficient internal funds and rely less on external sources of funds to complete this profitable capital expenditures or favorable investment opportunity. For example, American Airlines acquired Trans World Airlines by utilizing its available cash and assumption of Trans World Airlines debt in 2001 (as cited it Carter et al., 2002). Involving in positive net present value investment would strengthen hedged-airlines competitive position and increase firm values. Rob Fyfe, Air New Zealand chief executive c ommented that fuel hedging not only trying to remove volatility and also provide airlines ability to compete against its rivals. Fuel hedging makes sure airlines have some parity in fuel costs with competitors and prevent competitors from undercut on prices (in case rivals obtained a lower fuel cost). Fyfe statement is illustrated with a real case scenario. Qantas Airways fuel strategy successfully enhanced its competitive advantage and obtained cheaper fuel cost, resulting in captured some market share from rivals (Ballantyne, 2009). Fuel hedging is a complex business. Unless those airlines are able to maintain a long term and consistent hedging strategy through all stages of oil price cycle, airlines wouldnt be able to benefit from hedging. In fact, many airlines hedging losses in fuel hedging have been reported. For example, Air New Zealand had a loss of $134million from fuel hedging, other airlines to suffer include China Eastern Airlines ($908million), Air China ($994million ), Taiwans China Airlines ($629million), EVA Air ($267.8million), Malaysia Airlines ($755million) and Singapore Airlines ($223.5million). Besides, it becomes more difficult and more expensive for airlines to arrange hedging deals. Many banks and finance houses that heavily involved in past hedging have either bankrupted or in financial difficulties, e.g. Lehman Brothers. As a result, many airlines hedging deals collapsed and the remaining players are nervous (Ballantyne, 2009). However, most industry leaders and airline chiefs insist that hedging is the only way to smooth out the peaks and troughs of fuel price. This exercise will continue to be an important risk management tool in their strategy (Ballantyne, 2009). e) This study found that there is a positive relationship between fuel hedging and the value of the firm. This leads our attention to the aspects of reasons for hedging and which theory supported the finding. Theory that supported the finding Source of added value from jet fuel hedging is related to the underinvestment problem. Numerous literature studies supported for the underinvestment theory (Bessembinder, 1991; Froot et al., 1993; Stulz, 1996; Carter et al., 2002; Lin and Chang, 2008). Froot et. al (1993) developed a theoretical framework for hedging and value. He indicates that airlines facing financial distress will choose to underinvest. Underinvestment cost is one of the important indirect costs of financial distress (e.g. Stulz, 1996) thus hedging activity is a tool to alleviating the problem of underinvestment. When firms have profitable capital expenditures, the external cost of fund is more expensive than the internal funds (pecking order theory), so hedging can lower the variability of internal funds and ensure airlines have sufficient internal cost of capital to complete profitable investment opportunities (Bessembinder, 1991; Froot et. Al, 1993; Mello and Parsons, 2000). Based on Froots framework, Carter et. al (2002, 2006) and Kvello and Stenvik (2009) further proved that airlines main benefit of jet fuel hedging as it comes from reduction of financial distress cost and underinvestment costs. Their studies result show that positive relation between hedging and value increases in capital investment, while higher fuel costs are consistent with lower cash flow. Hedging add value to shareholders by aiming airlines avoid underinvestment and make value-creating investment. Reasons for hedging Probability of bankrupt is easily affected by non-systematic risk and thus levies costs. This probability of bankruptcy can be defined as financial distress costs which are included direct and indirect costs. Direct costs are costs incurred in the bankruptcy while indirect costs are derived as stakeholders perceive a realistic chance of future bankruptcy. These costs are defined the performance and market value are directly linked to volatility. (Haushalter, 2000). Hedging is allowed company to hedge against the fluctuation of the cash flow or accounting profit. Thus, it will reduce the probability of going to bankruptcy. Hence, the costs are lower and value of company is increasing. In the exhibit 5, Jet fuel price of Southwest, JetBlue and Delta are lower than average spot price of New York Harbor and U.S Gulf Coast. Thus, the findings are showed the hedging lowering the costs which are consistent with the theory of financial distress costs. Based on agency costs theory, agenc y conflicts arise when there is the divergence of interest of principal and agent. Thus, company should go for hedging to reduce the costs and increase the value of the company. Dobson and Soenen (1993) concluded that hedging reduce the fluctuation of cash flows and leads to probability of uncertainty also reducing. Consequently, the costs of external financing become lower. Furthermore, cash flow is more smoothing through exchange risk hedging when the firm is leverage. Based on the findings, the airliness value are enhancing after the hedging. In the theory of incentive structures, Smith and Stulz (1985) compensation scheme is influencing the managers choices in hedging. Managers are acted in the interest of shareholders who are always maximizing the wealth of shareholders. Managers manage the risk is to reduce the agency costs. However, interest rate risk and currency risk are not able to manage and control. Thus, managers are not likely to engage in hedging even though there are compensation scheme. Yet, the hedging may reduce the other unrelated financial risks of the company value. Indirectly, this is strengthening the relationship between share price and management performance. In the market imperfections, the external financing is more costly and cause the risk to the companies. This is consistent with the study of Froot et. al. (1993) suggested that market imperfections is explained why external funds are more high costs as compared to internal costs. In addition to internal financing, the companies are highly dependent to the external financing to funds their investments. Froot et. al. (1993) also concluded that the costs are higher when a company is facing difficulty to finance funds from external and this will result in the shortfall of their cash flow by assuming other things equal. Thus, the companies should go for hedge to prevent the fluctuation or shortfall of their cash flow. Company that facing market imperfection is more likely to hed ge against the risk in their companies and this theory is supported by Haushalter (2002).

Macroeconomics - Problem Set - 2855 Words

(5) An explanation that may explain the lower labor supply in Europe besides taxes is one that Europeans may place a higher weight on leisure relative to working in their preferences than their American counterparts. This would mean that the indiï ¬â‚¬erence curves lean more towards the leisure axis than they lean towards the consumption axis, as is the case in Figure 3. Thus, when the price of leisure falls (i.e. leisure becomes more aï ¬â‚¬ordable), Europeans are more willing to substitute out of consumption (and labor supply) and into leisure. Problem Set 2: Suggested Solutions 2 Taxes in the Real Intertemporal Model (40 Raw Points) Taxes in the Real Intertemporal Model This problem studies the eï ¬â‚¬ects of a permanent (lump sum) tax†¦show more content†¦The eï ¬â‚¬ects of this change can be seen in the graph of the labor market in Figure 4(a). A decrease in lump-sum taxes increases the wealth of households and decreases the need to work. Thus, for a given real wage, the labor supply curve shifts in. In order to restore equilibrium in the labor market, the real wage increases from w1 to w2 and the equilibrium level of labor falls from N1 to N2 . Hence, a permanent tax cut yields lower employment in the labor market. As a consequence, the ï ¬ rm produces less output at ï ¬ xed level of  ¯ capital stock (K) and total factor productivity (z) . This eï ¬â‚¬ect is a movement along the production function in the downward direction, as seen in Figure 4(b). Tracing the change over to the aggregate output market shown in Figure 4(c), the aggregate supply curve shifts to the left for every r from Y1s to Y2s . The labor market and the aggregate output market are linked via the ï ¬ rms production function. Figure 4: The Real Intertemporal Model (a) The Labor Market (b) The Production Function 4 2 (c) The Aggregate Goods Market 3) Next, we study the eï ¬â‚¬ect of such a tax decrease on the intertemporal consumption choice in isolation; therefore, use the â€Å"consumption today – consumption tomorrow† diagram to illustrate the eï ¬â‚¬ects of a lump-sum tax decrease on the optimal consumption path, c and c . Make sure you illustrate income and substitution eï ¬â‚¬ects. To make your life simple, assumeShow MoreRelatedEconomics Affects Our Daily Life1576 Words   |  7 Pagesclassified into two main branches, which are macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics refers to study of economic aggregates (aggregate demand, aggregate supply etc.) while Microeconomics refers to study of behavior and performance of individual parts of economy such as firm or household. Macroeconomics Macroeconomics includes studying the determination of national output and its growth over the long time. 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History, but goes deeper to touch on matters Free Essays

It is not customary for there to be exchanges between us concerning my growing interest in art and my consequent enrollment in an art school. I however hope not to offend you, not by sharing what has become so intimately entwined with my heart. I’m not going to amuse you by attempting a funny portrait of you, but discuss a classic that I recently encountered, and that does not only touch your favorite subject, Â  History, but goes deeper to touch on matters of humanity, of war and the fight against such atrocities as happened on the Third of May, 1808. We will write a custom essay sample on History, but goes deeper to touch on matters or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have been careful enough, dear, to attach a photo of the portrait for you. Franscisco Goya, the artist who created this masterpiece is considered a key figure in the word of paintings. On this painting he created the background of a dark early morning, in which a Church stood. Goya tells of the dark evil that surrounded the mass execution that occurred that morning, an atrocity against humble and innocent human beings. This is implied by the presence of a church, and demonstrated by one of the victims in the middle ground. Talking of the middle ground, you have seen the desperate faces of the victims displayed against the light from a lamp. You must, as well as I did, wonder about the genius that Goya was: What is this source of light? How can it exist in front of such seemingly horrible executioners? He crafted it so carefully that we do not have to see the faces of the executioners! After all, he must have wanted us to focus on the victims who suffer the violence, not the perpetrators, therefore raising that humane part of us to protect the harmless of the society who’ve been pitted against the armed ruthless dictators of the world. The foreground is very dramatic. The firing soldiers are killing one victim after another in cold blood. Goya must have been very skilled in his conception of principles of design, especially how he has used light to communicate his message, yet all this is done on a canvas, just (106*137 inches) Fairly large for a painting, but the depth of meaning it carries cannot be exhausted, not by time or space. I have hereby just given you a glimpse of what art we study in school and the thoughts that cross my mind as I engage the books. How to cite History, but goes deeper to touch on matters, Papers

Patient Document Tampering

Question: Discuss about the Patient Document Tampering. Answer: Introduction In the nursing practice, documentation is crucial as per The Australian Registered Nurse Standards for Practice. Documentation refers to the written or the electronic health records which provide the patients information. The Australian Registered Nurse Standards of Practice requires that the nurse on duty should record the patients details accurately, update the patient's file in time, keep it under safe custody and maintain the confidentiality of the information recorded(Kerr, Lu, McKinlay, 2013). The safe maintenance of health records of a patient facilitates effective communication between the nurse on duty and the other nurses and care providers about the status of the patient, nursing interventions carried out and the outcomes. Also, documentation promotes proper and efficient nursing care. In the case scenario, personally, as a nurse, I would examine myself for the cause of the discrepancy, inform my supervisor about the issue and other relevant top personnel to launch invest igations(Johnson, et al., 2014). Furthermore, I would come up with an incident report. In the essay, I shall identify critical issues and recommend appropriately, discuss the actions to be taken, outline the relevant parts of the Australian Registered Nurse Standards of Practice which applies to the case scenario and, discuss the potential legal and ethical implications. Main Issues that Emerge in the Case Scenario In the case scenario, the nurse on duty fails to keep the patients records safely, and as a result, somebody accessed them and tampered with the original records. The tampering with nurse's original notes is quite detrimental in the nursing care because it would lead to either the falsification of the clients information or provision of erroneous information. By doing so, it shall conflict the key role of documentation as outlined in the Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses which requires them to provide impartial, honest and more accurate information regarding the nursing care and the patient receiving the care(Kleinpell, et al., 2014). Also, through the provision of accurate and authentic information regarding the client helps to build and maintain the communitys trust and a high level of confidence in the services provided by the nurses. But, on the contrary, the nurse on duty practices against this code of professional conduct. Furthermore, the Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia requires the nurses to treat the personal information acquired from the patient in a professional way and capacity in ensuring that it is kept private and confidential. Though, in the case scenario, it is evident that the nurse on duty did not observe this professional guideline which requires her/him to keep the information privately and confidentially and instead left it carelessly and openly(O'connell, Gardner, Coyer, 2014). The act of the nurse on duty to leave patient's information in the unsecured area resulted in its easy access by intruders who might have tampered with it. Similarly, the tampering of the nurses original notes would lead to the strained and poor therapeutic relations between the fellow colleagues, client and her/him. Strained and poor relations arises as a result of mistrust and inner feeling that either the colleagues developed jealousy on how she/he offers her nursing care services to the client and are getting unwise mechanisms to land the nurse into problems(Melnyk, Gallagher-Ford, Long, Fineout-Overholt, 2014). The aim of fellow nurses is to see the nurse in problems with the unit supervisor or management, and if possible, the nurse gets deregistered or suspended. Besides, the patient might develop mistrust with the nurse on duty, and think that the nurse attentionally tampered with the notes. The patient will reason so that during handover, the incoming nurse should not get the right information about the care required and end up offering or prescribing different drugs which would result in dire consequences for the patients heal th(Johnstone, 2015). Such actions are against the Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia which requires the nurses to promote and maintain the trust and the privilege inherent in the existing relationship between the nurses and the patient receiving the nursing care. In the Australian Registered Nurse Standards of Practice, Standard 1 states that a nurse should think critically and undertake thorough analysis in the nursing practice to make informed decisions. In the case scenario, there are quite a number of protocols to be observed under Standard 1 in the efficient handling of the case. To start with, procedure 1.4 of the standard 1 practice require nurses to comply with the legislation, regulations, the policies and the guidelines while on duty(Bernoth, Dietsch, Burmeister, Schwartz, 2014). For instance, different health care organizations do have specific policies and their guidelines regarding the launch of complaints and investigations. Therefore, as a nurse, she/he should make a step of informing the relevant investigation bodies to examine and investigate on the tampering of the original notes. Additionally, the issue of lack of critical thinking and analytical skills emerged. In the case scenario, the nurse failed to think critically in various contexts. Firstly, the nurse would have thought to be unwise leaving the patients records carelessly and unsecured. She/he would have taken a depth reasoning and make a ruling that either some patients or other nurses may come across the health record diary or book and interfere with the information intentionally or accidentally(Kangasniemi, Pakkasen, Korhonen, 2015). The nurse would have taken into close consideration that leaving the record openly some mentally challenged patients may get it and pluck some papers containing vital patient information. The failure of the nurse to think critically and analyze the situation is contrary the with the Australian Registered Nurse Standards of Practice which requires the nurse to think critically and making thorough analysis in nursing practice. As per the standard 1, a registered nurse s hould use a variety of strategies to think and make an informed decision based on the available evidence in the provision of safe and quality nursing care within the patient-centred and available evidence at the line of work(Ralph, Birks, Chapman, 2015). Furthermore, the standard 1 requires the nurse on duty to maintain a more accurate, comprehensive and in time documentation of the assessments, care plan, and client evaluation. In addition, the issue of accountability and responsibility emerges. In the case scenario, the nurse on duty was to be held account and responsible for the destruction of the health records of the patients. He/s he should come out and explain to the investigating bodies of what happened and how it happened. The nurse should act under the Australian Registered Nurses Standards for Practice, Standard 3, which shall require her/him to prove her/his capability and capacity in the nursing care practice(Birks, Davis, Smithson, Cant, 2016). The registered nurse shall be expected to accept and take accountability for the incapacity to make informed decisions and take appropriate actions in ensuring that the clients health records are safe and updated for a better heat outcome. The nurse should be held accountable to clarify briefly on where he/she was while the destruction was taking place or where she left the document. She/he should answer interrogative questions seeking to know whether h anding over happened or not, or the tampering of the records occurred while she was still on duty. The Immediate and Subsequent Actions As a witnessing nurse, I would immediately report the matter to the unit supervisor in service. As a nurse, I would consider this as my first step in observation to the Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia. The Code of Ethics for Nurses outlines all nurses should seek to make informed decisions. With that regard, as a nurse, I would inform the supervisor on duty so that we can discuss on the way forward and we should handle the matter at stake to ensure that the patient gets access to quality care(Cusack, 2015). We could be forced to start new recording of the patients information since we would not risk using the tampered document. Having the original notes plucked or deleted is quite disastrous as it may lead to using false information regarding the patient and the care required. Furthermore, relying on such altered information would result in health consequences on the side of the client, in case, nursing care relies on it. Shall report in order to uphold the Australian Code of Ethics for Nurses which directs that the nurses should value the ethical management of the patients information(Hunt, et al., 2015). Besides, as a witnessing nurse, I shall follow the appropriate channels as per the organization on the policies and the procedures for the safety reporting. I would draft an incident report regarding the case scenario. Overview of the Relevant Sections of the Australian Registered Nurse Standards for Practice that Applies in this Case Scenario. Standard 1, which states that the nurses should think critically and make analyses to make informed decisions in nursing practice. Through critical thinking, decisions shall be reached based on the available evidence. The critical thinking results in the provision of safe and quality nursing care services within the patient-centred and the evidence-based frameworks. In the subsection 1.6 of the Standard 1, it applies to this case scenario(Westbrook, et al., 2015). The subsection requires the nurse on duty to maintain an accurate, comprehensive and up to time updated documents for her/his assessments, care plan, basis of decision making, treatment actions and the evaluations made. Finally, the standard of practice applies to the handling of the case scenario. The witnessing nurse, supervisor and the investigation personnel should critically and creatively think about how to handle and arrive at a reasonable solution to the problem. Standard 3, the nurse should maintain the capability and capacity for practice. In the case scenario, the nurse on duty should be liable and be ready to be held responsible and accountable for not ensuring the safety of the patients records as per the requirement of the Standard of Practice(Harrison, et al., 2014). The subsection 3.4 of the Standard states that, the nurse should accept and be accountable for the decisions, her/his actions, and behaviours, and the responsibilities bestowed on him/her. It is true that the nurse on duty had the powers to ensure that the patients records are kept in a safe custody and should take all responsibilities in case the patient's file gets destroyed. Possible Legal/Ethical Implications There would be a possibility for the nurse to be fired/suspended or deregistered if the investigation body finds enough evidence that the nurse was incompetent, careless and irresponsible capability in practice. Furthermore, if there is adequate evidence which can justify that the nurse on duty internationally plucked the original notes with an aim to hinder either the handover process or other reasons, she would be fired and deregistered(Haw, Stubbs, Dickens, 2014). Other possible legal implication would be the family members of the patient heading to court to file on denied quality nursing care and disclosing of their patients private information. Finally, the unethical practice may emerge in which the nurse who is being held accountable, may choose to come with a falsified information in order to try to convince the supervisor and the investigation team that is the original documentation only that he confused. Lastly, the ethical implication would arise where the nurse develops m istrust with her fellow nurses by thinking that one of them tampered with the original notes to land her on problems. Also, there would be mistrust between the patient and the nursing fraternity. Conclusion It is evident that nurses on duty should practice their nursing care adhering to the Code of Professional Nurses Conduct and the Australian Registered Nurse Standards for Practice. The practice as per the Nurses' codes of professionalism aims at the building the communitys trust on their services and ensuring that safe and quality nursing care services offered. Furthermore, proper and accurate documentation of the patients information concerning his/her treatment status and the care delivered is crucial. Keeping written and electronic health records of patients facilitate effective communication between nurses and enhance comfortable handing over during nurses shifting. It is also important to maintain the documents in safe custody and is accessible by only authorized personnel such that if there is tampering of the document, there would be easy tracking. Finally, the patients information should be kept private and confidential. Through ensuring that the clients health information is kept private to other people who are not responsible for his/her care, helps to build the clients trust on the care services provided by the nurse on duty. References Kerr, D., Lu, S., McKinlay, L. (2013). Bedside handover enhances completion of nursing care and documentation.Journal of nursing care quality,28(3), 217-225. Johnson, M., Sanchez, P., Suominen, H., Basilakis, J., Dawson, L., Kelly, B., Hanlen, L. (2014). Comparing nursing handover and documentation: forming one set of patient information.International nursing review,61(1), 73-81. Kleinpell, R., Scanlon, A., Hibbert, D., Ganz, F., East, L., Fraser, D., ... Beauchesne, M. (2014). Addressing issues impacting advanced nursing practice worldwide.Online journal of issues in nursing,19(1). O'connell, J., Gardner, G., Coyer, F. (2014). Beyond competencies: using a capability framework in developing practice standards for advanced practice nursing.Journal of advanced nursing,70(12), 2728-2735. Melnyk, B. M., Gallagher?Ford, L., Long, L. E., Fineout?Overholt, E. (2014). The establishment of evidence?based practice competencies for practicing registered nurses and advanced practice nurses in real?world clinical settings: proficiencies to improve healthcare quality, reliability, patient outcomes, and costs.Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing,11(1), 5-15. Johnstone, M. J. (2015).Bioethics: a nursing perspective. Elsevier Health Sciences. Bernoth, M., Dietsch, E., Burmeister, O. K., Schwartz, M. (2014). Information management in aged care: cases of confidentiality and elder abuse.Journal of business ethics,122(3), 453-460. Kangasniemi, M., Pakkanen, P., Korhonen, A. (2015). Professional ethics in nursing: an integrative review.Journal of advanced nursing,71(8), 1744-1757. Ralph, N., Birks, M., Chapman, Y. (2015). The accreditation of nursing education in Australia.Collegian,22(1), 3-7. Birks, M., Davis, J., Smithson, J., Cant, R. (2016). Registered nurse scope of practice in Australia: an integrative review of the literature.Contemporary Nurse,52(5), 522-543. Cusack, L. (2015). Update from Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia.Australian Midwifery News,15(3), 12. Mitchell, I., Schuster, A., Smith, K., Pronovost, P., Wu, A. (2015). Patient safety reporting: a qualitative study of thoughts and perceptions of experts 15 years after To Err is Human.BMJ Qual Saf, bmjqs-2015. Hunt, L., Ramjan, L., McDonald, G., Koch, J., Baird, D., Salamonson, Y. (2015). Nursing students' perspectives of the health and healthcare issues of Australian Indigenous people.Nurse education today,35(3), 461-467. Westbrook, J. I., Li, L., Lehnbom, E. C., Baysari, M. T., Braithwaite, J., Burke, R., ... Day, R. O. (2015). What are incident reports telling us? A comparative study at two Australian hospitals of medication errors identified at audit, detected by staff and reported to an incident system.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,27(1), 1-9. Harrison, R., Birks, Y., Hall, J., Bosanquet, K., Harden, M., Iedema, R. (2014). The contribution of nurses to incident disclosure: a narrative review.International journal of nursing studies,51(2), 334-345. Haw, C., Stubbs, J., Dickens, G. L. (2014). Barriers to the reporting of medication administration errors and near misses: an interview study of nurses at a psychiatric hospital.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,21(9), 797-805.

The Defeat Of Napoleon In Russia Essays (1144 words) - Russia

The Defeat of Napoleon in Russia The Campaign of 1812 should have been a another crusade for Napoleon, but he now faced 2 new policies that he had never faced before, the severe Russian winter and the notorious scorched-earth policy. On June 23, 1812 Napoleon's Grande Armee, over 500,000 men strong, poured over the Russian border. An equal amount of Russian forces awaited them. The result of the campaign was a surprise. Two authors, General carl von Clausewitz and Brett James, show similarities in reasons why Napoleon had lost this campaign to Russia. Napoleon believed that after a few quick victorious battles, he could convince Alexander to return to the Continental System. He also decided that if he occupied Moscow, the Russian government would crumple and ask for peace. " A single blow delivered at the heart of the Russian Empire, at Moscow the Great, at Moscow the Holy, will ineztly put this whole blind, apathetic mass at my mercy." pg 6, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia. This was his belief he expressed in March 1812. However, when Napoleon eventually took over Moscow, the Tsar still did not surrender. Napoleon, sent a message to the Tsar, demanding a immediate surrender. However, the Tsar could not surrender because if he did, he would be assassinated by the nobles. Clausewitz replies by saying, " Napoleon was unable to grasp the fact that Alexander would not, could not negotiate. The Tsar knew well that he would be disposed and assassinated if he tried so." pg 256, The Campaign of 1812 in Russia. General Clausewitz said, "Napoleon believed if he defeated the Russian Army and occupied Moscow, the Russian leadership will fall apart and the government would call for peace." pg 253, The Campaign of 1812 in Russia Brett James also agreed that Napoleon's occupation had no result. " The occupation of Napoleon in Moscow did not have a effect on the government." pg 13, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia With his battle plan set, Napoleon prepared his troops for the attack on Russia. But, Napoleon did not consider the fierce Russian winter which awaited him. According to Ludwig Wilhelm Gottlob Schlosser, a onlooker, he described the army by saying, "The French, down to the lowliest drummer were very fastidious. These poor French devils were not satisfied with less than soup, meat and vegetables, roast, and salad for their midday meal, and there was no sign of their famous frugality. They were completely devoid of the coming winter." pg 13, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia Napoleon was even warned by General Rapp about the extremities of the oncoming winter in Russia. "The natives say we shall have a severe winter," Napoleon retorted scornfully, " Bah! You and your natives! We shall see how fine it is." pg 147, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia Napoleon should have heeded Rapp's words. As the Grand Armee marched toward Moscow, many horses and men were lost in the freezing snow, and for those who remained, their morale and effectiveness was at the nadir. General Clausewitz states his point by saying, " With more precaution and better regulations as to subsistence, with more careful consideration of his marches, which would have prevented the unnecessary and enormous accumulation of masses on one and the same road, he would have preserved his army in a more effective condition." pg 255, The Campaign of 1812 in Russia Brett James also shared the same opinion, " Napoleon appeared to have made no effort to discover the facts in Russia, or prepare his troops for it." pg 140, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia. As Napoleon and his army was making their way to Moscow, they encountered typhus, colds, and dysentery. Even the mighty Napoleon had caught a mild case of the flu. However, his soldiers had received the brunt of the attack. Captain Thomas- Joesph Aubry relives this ordeal, " After this the typhus made appalling inroads in our ranks. We were fourty-three officers in our ward. All of them died, one after the other, and delirious from this dreadful disease, most of them singing, some in Latin, others in German, others again in Italian - and singing psalms, canticles, or the mass." pg 210,

Free Essays on The Brady Bill

The Brady Bill – Gun Control Law is taking away our Constitutional Rights The Brady Bill – Gun Control Law is Unconstitutional Thesis: I believe that the Brady Bill – Gun Control laws are slowly taking away our Second Amendments Constitutional right I. What is the Brady Bill – Gun Control Law: A. Gun Control Act B. National Fire Arm Registration C. National Licensing of Handgun Owners D. National Ban on Firearms II. The Second Amendment (Gun Control is Unconstitutional ) A. An Overview of the Second Amendment B. Armed to Resist Tyranny C. An Effective means of Self- Defense III. Conclusion A. We need to up hold our Constitutional rights IV. Summary VI. Work cited - Boynton - 1 I believe that the Brady Bill – Gun Control laws are slowly taking away our Second Amendments Constitutional right. Right after the passing of the Brady Bill, gun control act it seemed to had a direct assault on the rights of law abiding gun owners. The Brady Bill contains a Gun control Act which has moved four or more steps in the march to disarming the American people: National Fire Arm Registration, National Licensing of Handgun Owners, and National Ban on Firearms. Following the election of President Bill Clinton he wasted no time in the signing of the Brady Bill. The time it took to establish this new bill was very swift as you can see based on the filing of Brady Bill II seen in print: November 10, 1993: Brady Bill passed in U.S. House November 11, 1993: Brady Bill passed in U.S. Senate and sent to Conference Committee November 22, 1993 Conference Committee version of the Brady Bill passed U.S House November 24, 1993 Conference Committee version of the Brady Bill passed U.S House November 30, 1993 Brady Bill signed into law by President Bill Clinton February 28, 1994 Brady Bill I took effect ... Free Essays on The Brady Bill Free Essays on The Brady Bill The Brady Bill – Gun Control Law is taking away our Constitutional Rights The Brady Bill – Gun Control Law is Unconstitutional Thesis: I believe that the Brady Bill – Gun Control laws are slowly taking away our Second Amendments Constitutional right I. What is the Brady Bill – Gun Control Law: A. Gun Control Act B. National Fire Arm Registration C. National Licensing of Handgun Owners D. National Ban on Firearms II. The Second Amendment (Gun Control is Unconstitutional ) A. An Overview of the Second Amendment B. Armed to Resist Tyranny C. An Effective means of Self- Defense III. Conclusion A. We need to up hold our Constitutional rights IV. Summary VI. Work cited - Boynton - 1 I believe that the Brady Bill – Gun Control laws are slowly taking away our Second Amendments Constitutional right. Right after the passing of the Brady Bill, gun control act it seemed to had a direct assault on the rights of law abiding gun owners. The Brady Bill contains a Gun control Act which has moved four or more steps in the march to disarming the American people: National Fire Arm Registration, National Licensing of Handgun Owners, and National Ban on Firearms. Following the election of President Bill Clinton he wasted no time in the signing of the Brady Bill. The time it took to establish this new bill was very swift as you can see based on the filing of Brady Bill II seen in print: November 10, 1993: Brady Bill passed in U.S. House November 11, 1993: Brady Bill passed in U.S. Senate and sent to Conference Committee November 22, 1993 Conference Committee version of the Brady Bill passed U.S House November 24, 1993 Conference Committee version of the Brady Bill passed U.S House November 30, 1993 Brady Bill signed into law by President Bill Clinton February 28, 1994 Brady Bill I took effect ...

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Emotional intelligence in nursing - Assignment Example Secondly, emotional intelligence is associated with calm disposition, an important trait in dealing with mentally unstable people. Through emotional intelligence, a nurse is able to maintain relative calmness and steadiness of the mind thereby offering the necessary help to the patient. Finally, through emotional intelligence, nurses are able to work well in teams with fellow nurses and other healthcare professionals (McQueen, 2004 p. 105). Through such collaboration, nurses are able to provide relevant help to the patients by obtaining relevant help from other professionals. A mental health nurse can improve his/her emotional intelligence by reducing his/her negative emotions so that they do not end up overwhelming him (McQueen, 2004 p. 106). This aspect of self-regulation becomes an important skill when dealing with patients. Secondly, students need to connect with others emotionally at all times, socially through non-verbal communication. This is one strategy of trying to understand others thereby building lasting relationships with them. Thirdly, students need to remain connected with others in situations that might appear challenging (McQueen, 2004 p. 106). For instance, a student might use humor to maintain relationships with others in situations that are challenging. Finally, students need to exercise peaceful problem solving without hurting the other party. This also involves airing ones views and expressing emotions in a controlled

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Empowerment and Job Satisfaction in Nursing Educators

Empowerment and Job Satisfaction in Nursing Educators Research Design This research will use a descriptive correlational study design and involve the following variables: Structural Empowerment and Job Satisfaction in nursing educators. This is a non-experimental descriptive correlational research that does not manipulate or control the independent variable which is the nursing educators. The researchers, based on the descriptive design, will summarize the phenomena observed within the natural environment without manipulation and also establish a correlation to determine the relationship between structural empowerment and job satisfaction. This quantitative research is undertaken to investigate structural empowerment and level of job satisfaction and its sub variables to determine: concepts (measureable reflections) and constructs (concept that is â€Å"man-made† and deliberately used by the researchers for a specific purpose) that affect the nursing educator. The assumed direction is that structural empowerment (independent variable) influences the level of job satisfactions of nursing educators (dependent variable). The researchers decided that descriptive correlational type of study design was best used to illustrate, understand and establish if there is a significant relationship between the two constructs. This design is dissimilar to the other descriptive research designs that focus on ideas not specific to the needs of the researchers, for example a comparative design compares and contrasts two or more groups which is inappropriate for a study solely based on nursing educators. A longitudinal design, studies samples over a period of time to show trends and growth changes across a span of time, which the researchers did not deem necessary at this point in time for the study ( possibly for future researchers that replicate this study) . A retrospective and prospective design was ill fitted for the researchers’ specific purpose, which was to establish the current level of job satisfaction of nursing educators ba sed on their perceived structural empowerment. *Insert and lift definition from book* Respondents of the Study This study will exclusively utilize nursing educators in the Philippines specifically nursing educators employed in the Metro Manila Area and more precisely the schools in the University Belt. The inclusion criteria dictate that the respondents of the study are current employed educators in accredited nursing schools offering a Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing. Explicitly, the educators will be employed within the schools encompassing the University Belt in Manila and hold a minimum of a masteral degree. For this study, the respondents must be a fulltime member of the faculty and be employed greater than six months in the department. The educator must teach a minimum of one major nursing course and or is a clinical instructor for greater than one semester of a school year. The exclusion criteria dictate that an adjunct educator or a professor teaching in another accredited school or institution other than the one surveyed in will be excluded for this study. Sampling Technique The sample for this study is selected to be optimistically representative of the entire nursing educator population in the Metro Manila Area. A probability sampling will be done in order to randomize selection of respondents. This method is optimal to obtain a representative sample because the respondents are not subject to the researchers biases. A cluster sampling will be administered to determine the individuals included in the study selected through a simple stratified random sampling. The researcher will select a random sample from a larger general population (all accredited nursing schools within the University Belt) and from that batch a selected quota will be determined to identify the strata of the population (how many nursing educators are in the schools selected) this number will then be proportioned as a whole to determine the total and again the individuals randomly selected. The random sampling will become successively smaller units until the desired proportionate rando m sampling will be made. The sample size will be determined by the target population and the Slovin formula. Research Setting The research study will be conducted in the de facto sub district in Manila, unofficially named the University Belt or U-belt where in, there is a greater concentration of colleges and universities in a four mile (six kilometer) area. The university belt is described as an irregular cresent with a tail encompassed by the following areas of Sampaloc, Quiapo, Santa Cruz, Santa Mesa, and San Miguel. The following colleges and universities that offer a bachelors in nursing degree are clustered in this area and will be included in this study: *the cluster sampling will determine the actual colleges included in the paper* Arellano University The College of Nursing Arellano University 2600 Legarda Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines In 1954, Arellano University opened a school of nursing which offered a basic nursing course. In April 1960, the School of Nursing expanded its curricular offerings by adding courses in post-basic nursing with majors in public health and clinical teaching. The School of Nursing was later renamed College of Nursing. At about the same time, a preparatory medical course was added to the general curriculum of the College of Arts and Sciences.The Arellano University School of Nursing grew out of the Graduate Nurse Program which was organized in 1960. The course leading to the B.S.N. Degree was started in 1965. Its first group of graduates took the Board Examination for Nurses in June, 1970.The college offers the following courses: Bachelor of Science in Nursing with optionto complete and earn degree from Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia and an International Nursing Program of a Bachelor of Science in Nursing To be completed at either Alderson-Broaddus College, Philippi, We st Virginia, USA orEdith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia. http://www.arellano.edu.ph/colleges/nursing Centro Escolar University College of the Holy Spirit- De Ocampo Memorial College Eulogio Amang Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology Far Eastern University FEATI University College of the Holy Spirit La Consolacion College Manila Manuel L. Quezon University National Teachers College National University (Philippines) Perpetual Help College of Manila Philippine School of Business Administration PMI Colleges formerly Philippine Maritime Institute San Beda College San Sebastian College – Recoletos de Manila Philippine College of Health Sciences, Inc. Polytechnic University of the Philippines Technological Institute of the Philippines University of the East University of Manila University of Santo Tomas Mary Chiles College Data Gathering Instrument The two major variables in the study will be measured by the following questionnaires: Conditions for Work Effectiveness – II (CWEQ-II) for structural empowerment and Mueller and McCloskey Satisfaction Scale. Permission to use these tools were granted (see Appendix) still waiting on email and reply from the authors* The study will utilize the Conditions for Work Effectiveness – II (CWEQ-II) for structural empowerment developed by Dr. Heather K. Spence Laschinger which is based on Kanter’s theory of structural empowerment. The Questionnaire measures four empowerment dimensions: 1. perceived access to opportunity 2. support 3. information and 4. Resources in the work environment. The questionnaire takes about 10-30 minutes to accomplish. The instrument has been used frequently in research and especially nursing since the 2000’s and has consistently shown reliability and validity. ( source http://publish.uwo.ca/~hkl/tools/cweq/index.html) *Keep this here I haven’t seen the questionnaire anyway since the author hasn’t emailed me but this is a good reference just incase its from a website im not sure if its reliable so hold off on this part* The tool consists of 19 items (39 questions) that measure Kanter’s 6 components of structural empowerment described by opportunity, information, support, resources, formal power, and informal power and a 2-item global empowerment scale which is used for construct validation purposes.Items on each of the six subscales are summed and averaged to provide a score for each subscale ranging from 1-5.These scores of the 6 subscales are then summed to create the total empowerment score (score range: 6-30).Higher scores represent higher perceptions of empowerment. The McCloskey Mueller Satisfaction Scale was developed by Charles W. Mueller and Joanne Comi McCloskey. In the article published in the Academy of Management Journal 1990, the MMSS is said to be a reliable and valid measurement for job satisfaction in nurses. The McCloskey Mueller instrument being designed for health care settings, dominated the other instruments in terms of the combination of psychometric properties and ease of use. The MMSS is a 31 item questionnaire with the sub scales of: Extrinsic rewards, scheduling satisfaction, famly/work balance, co-workers, interaction, professional opportunities, praise/recognition, control and responsibility global scale. A 5 point Likert response category was used for each various item (5) very satisfied, (4) moderately satisfied, (3) neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, (2) moderately satisfied, (1) very dissatisfied. Source Mueller, C., McCloskey, J. 1990. Nurses’ job satisfaction: a proposed measure s and efficiency.AcademyofManagementJournal, 36(6):1345-1347. Validation of Research Instrument The Conditions for Work Effectiveness – II (CWEQ-II) for structural empowerment and Mueller and McCloskey Satisfaction Scale questionnaires will be pre- tested to a select number of respondents similar to the determined sample size, this will ensure internal validation of the instruments and determine if the tools adequately assess what is needed by the researchers and that the respondents have no difficulty in answering the questionnaires. These test respondents will not be added to the study’s sample size. Since these instruments were not made and administered in the Philippines the researchers deliberated on the need for interpreting the questionnaires but deemed that the original documents need not be altered because of the educational attainment and profession of the respondents. Any irregularities or issues with the questionnaires will be considered and further changes will be made if discrepancies arise during the administration and interpretation. Data Gathering Process The data gathering process begins and is determined by the acquiescence of the Dean of Nursing of each college and university selected in the research to allow their faculty to participate in the study. If the proper permissions have been granted, the time period for administration of the questionnaires will be the school year 2014-2015 in the months of June to August. The total respondents for each college and university will be determined and in line with ethical and privacy concerns, will be informed about the confidentiality of the results and if deemed necessary the results will be forwarded at the Deans request. As individual respondent permission is granted the respondent will be given the questionnaires to be fulfilled and collected by the appointed liaison within the institution to be forwarded to the researchers. The data will be collated from the colleges and universities selected and tallied based on the scoring scales for each questionnaire. Statistical Treatment of Data Ma’m Nava * I don’t get this part à ¯Ã‚ Ã…’ angella

Effects Of Creatine Essay -- essays research papers

The Effects of Creatine   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Creatine has been used in sports throughout time. Athletes have always had a fascination with being excellent at what they do. With the banning of steroids from competitive sports and the implementation of random drug testing in most sports, most athletes are still somehow hoping to gain an edge on their competition. This edge that they are using is creatine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to understand how creatine works, we must discover what creatine is. Creatine is an energy producing nutrient found in our bodies. It is synthesized from three amino acids arginine, glycine and methionine. These amino acids are primarily found in the liver, pancreas, and kidneys. It is also consumed in our everyday diets from fish, meat and other animal products. Creatine is not considered an essential nutrient in our diets. In general, we consume approximately one gram of creatine per day in our diets (www.healthlink.mcw.edu).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Creatine helps provide the energy our muscles need to move, especially movements that are quick and explosive. Approximately ninety five percent of the body’s creatine supply is found in the skeletal muscles (www.pacific-nutrition.com). The other five percent is spread throughout the body, but mainly found in the heart, brain and testes. Creatine is easily absorbed from the intestinal tract into the blood stream.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Creatine was first discovered in 1832 by a French scientist, Cevreul. In 1847, it was noticed that the meat from foxes killed in the wild had ten times more creatine than meat from inactive foxes. The conclusion from this was that creatine accumulates in muscles due to physical activity. It was discovered in the early twentieth century that not all creatine consumed was excreted in the urine, but in fact, stored in the body. In 1912, researchers found that ingesting creatine can dramatically boost the creatine content of muscle. Fiske and Subbarow discovered creatine phosphate in 1927, and determined that creatine is a key player in the metabolism of skeletal muscle. Most studies focusing on creatine and sports performance have only been done since the early 1990’s (www.pacific-nutrition.com).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When we use our muscles everyday we use oxygen to make energy. This energy is created by breaking... ...rity. It claims to increase muscle strength and to delay fatigue, allowing athletes to train harder and longer. Companies promoting creatine supplements also claim that creatine can help burn fat and increase muscle mass. Annual sales of creatine in the United States alone are well over $100 million (Performance Enhancing Substances). Although creatine use in athletes is expected to increase because it is not on the list of banned substances as of yet, it is possibly going to be banned from professional sports, as well as NCAA sports, as early as next year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel like creatine is great and should not be banned. How are athletes going to gain a competitive edge without a supplement that will allow their muscles to train harder? I have used creatine and I am still currently using creatine. I have seen the gains in muscle mass already only after two weeks of taking creatine. Drinking plenty of water is the key. As long as you take creatine as suggested, there should be no problems. There are no known serious side effects, therefore, I don’t think that creatine should be banned. Creatine is a great supplement for athletes to gain that competitive edge!